檢視使用者:郭麗熒的原始碼

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==百品==
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===展品說明===
[[File:Bird-shaped pestle, British Museum.jpg|Bird-shaped pestle, British Museum|400px]]
*展品:鳥形杵
*發現地：巴布亞紐幾內亞歐洛省(Oro)艾寇拉河(Aikora)
*發現年代：西元前六千年－西元前二千年 
*使用材料：石頭 
*高度：36.2公分 
*寬度：15公分 
*深度：15公分
*經度: 147.560587
*緯度: -8.327690
*巴布亞紐幾內亞歐洛省(Oro)艾寇拉河(Aikora) 
[[檔案:Aikora river.png]]

===歷史說明===
====人類的遷徙====
公元前一萬年，氣溫急遽下降，冰河時期產生。原本已以狩獵、採集為生的人類，為了生存，被迫離開非洲，尋找獵物與食物，因此展開了大規
模的遷徙，當時人類沿著冰河跨出非洲，冰河時期的冰層形成的天然地形就像一座橋一樣貫穿各地，也開啟了世界通道，爾後，隨著氣候的變遷全球的溫度逐漸升高，
冰層開始融化，海平面上升，人類回不去原本的地方，而當時人類的足跡也遍佈各地。

[[File:Spreading homo sapiens.svg|Spreading homo sapien|500px]]
*上圖有一處錯誤，最近考古的證據顯示現代智人是約 7 萬年前由曼德海峽離開非洲，十萬年前由西奈半島出去的那一支人類應該是沒有開枝散葉。
*註:
*#智人(Homo sapiens)
*#尼安德塔人(Neanderthals)
*#早期人科(Early Hominids)

====農業的產生====
冰河時期結束，冰層融化成水，發展出湖泊、河流及海灣。這些河流帶來充沛的水份與豐富的資源，讓地球上的植物跟動物變得更多了，植物跟動物可以養活更多的人類，人類的人口也越來越多。人類開始用種子種植，農業的發展開始。當時的地理環境很難找到適合植物生長飼養動物的地方，而中東的肥沃月灣提供了非常好的環境，當時肥沃月灣的人類飼養的動物有牛、豬、綿羊及山羊。種植的植物有有大麥、黑麥、扁豆還有無花果。有人認為中東的肥沃月灣是農業的起源地，但考古學家在位於太平洋西南部的巴布亞紐幾內亞發現了許多石杵和缽臼，隨著這些文物的出土，可以知道當時的人類用石杵在研缽搗磨食物，開始農耕生活，巴布亞紐幾內亞人種植芋頭。因此可以得知不僅僅只有肥沃月灣才是農業的起源地。另外，不只是巴布亞紐幾內亞有種植與採收作物的行為，在人類史上也可發現，農業的行為在許多地方同時發展。同一時間的中東人選擇種植一種特殊的草類，也就是一種早期的小麥；中國人選擇種植野生旱稻；非洲人選擇種植高粱。

====鳥形杵的使用====
鳥形杵的外型優美獨特，由石頭磨製而成，握柄像是一隻身體瘦長、張開翅膀、伸長脖子的小鳥，底部是一顆石球，
鳥形杵用於搗磨和分解食物，當時巴布亞紐幾內亞人種植的作物是芋頭，鳥形杵是用來搗磨芋頭的器具，
從石球磨損的情形得知石球的使用次數十分頻繁。由出土的人類遺骸中，發現成年女性的膝蓋、踝骨及髖骨都有受損的情形，推測當時的婦女在搗磨食物時一定是採跪姿，需要來回搖動的動作才能將食物碾碎。

====烹飪====
人類種植與採收作物開始農耕生活，也意味著人類開始定居。由各地種植的作物發現，人類選擇的作物在沒有經過其他方式加工下，都是難以下嚥的食物。劍橋大學考古學教授馬丁、瓊斯(Martin Jones)認為，這是人類生存策略的方式之一，因為人類需要與野獸爭食，一旦無法找到食物，就必須另尋野獸不易取得的食物。但這些植物，有些人類不能生吃，因為無法消化，或是植物本身有毒，會讓人類中毒。為了生存，人類藉由榨取、研磨和烹飪這些方法，因為人類有思考跟解決問題的能力，這是人類比其他動物更具有優勢的一點。然而人類藉由榨取、研磨和烹飪食物這些方法，產生了更多的食物，可以養活更多的人，更多人居住在一起，形成群居社會。

====人類的反思====
農作物與氣候的變化息息相關，靠天吃飯的農人總是向天祈求風調雨順。民以食為天，食物是所有人類生存的基礎，也是人類社會不可缺乏的重要資源，而這項重要的資源逐漸被人類破壞。由於工業化與都市化帶來人口增加，造成耕地縮小及土地汙染，有些土地甚至無法耕種。近幾年來，全球暖化、天災的發生也變得越來越頻繁，農作物與氣候的變化息息相關，糧食的生產受到全球氣候變遷的影響，全球暖化使冰山融化，若再像一萬年一樣，人類的生存將會受到嚴重的威脅。


====參考資料====
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird-shaped_pestle,_British_Museum.jpg Bird-shapedpestle,British Museum]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects A History of the World in 100 Objects]
*[http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/b/bird_shaped_pestle.aspx The British Museum]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/xQBDvzBRSrqVQYQ5ECaZwA The British Museum BBC A History of the World]
*搜尋關鍵字：鳥形杵、Bird-shaped pestle

====參考書籍====
*看得到的世界史： 99樣物品的故事你對未來會有1個答案（上冊），原文名稱：A History of the World in 100 Objects
*另眼看世界－大英博物館百品特展

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==verb chant/ irregular verbs (part I)==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || be ||was, were|| been
|-
| 2 || bear || bore|| born, borne
|-
| 3 || beat|| beat|| beaten, beat
|-
| 4 || become || became|| become 
|-
| 5 || begin || began || begun
|-
| 6 || bite || bit || bitten
|-
| 7 || blow || blew ||blown
|-
| 8|| break || broke ||broken
|-
|9 || bring || brought || brought
|-
|10|| broadcast || broadcast || broadcast
|-
|11 || build || built ||built
|-
|12|| burn || burnt,burned ||burnt,burned
|-
|13|| burst ||burst || burst
|-
|14|| buy ||bought || bought
|-
|15|| catch ||caught ||caught
|-
|16|| choose || chose || chosen
|-
|17|| come || came || come
|-
|18|| cost || cost || cost
|-
|19|| cut || cut || cut
|-
|20|| dig || dug || dug
|-
|21|| do || did || done
|-
|22|| draw || drew || drawn
|-
|23|| dream|| dreamt, dreamed || dreamt, dreamed 
|-
|24|| drink|| drank || drunk 
|-
|25|| drive|| drove || driven
|-
|26|| eat|| ate || eaten
|-
|27|| fall|| fell|| fallen
|-
|28|| feed|| fed|| fed
|-
|}

==verb chant/ irregular verbs (part II) ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || feel ||felt || felt
|-
| 2 || fight || fought || fought 
|-
| 3 || find || found || found
|-
| 4 || fit || fit|| fit 
|-
| 5 || fly || flew || flown
|-
| 6 || forget || forgot || forgotten
|-
| 7 || forgive || forgave ||forgiven
|-
| 8 || get || got ||gotten, got
|-
|9  || give || gave || given
|-
|10 || go || went || gone
|-
|11 || grow || grew ||grown
|-
|12 || hang || hung, hanged || hung, hanged
|-
|13 || have || had || had
|-
|14 || hear || heard || heard
|-
|15 || hide || hid || hidden
|-
|16 || hit || hit || hit
|-
|17 || hold || held || held 
|-
|18 || hurt || hurt || hurt 
|-
|19 || keep || kept || kept
|-
|20 || know || knew || known
|-
|21 || lay || laid || laid
|-
|22 || lead || led || led
|-
|23 || learn || learned,learnt || learned,learnt 
|-
|24 || leave || left || left
|-
|25 || lend || lent || lent
|-
|26 || let || let || let
|-
|27 || lie || lay, lied || lain, lied
|-
|28 || light|| lit, lighted || lit, lighted
|-
|}

==verb chant/ irregular verbs (part III) ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || lose ||lost || lost
|-
| 2 || make ||made || made
|-
| 3 || mean ||meant || meant
|-
| 4 || meet ||met || met
|-
| 5 || mistake ||mistook|| mistaken
|-
| 6 || pay || paid || paid
|-
| 7 || put || put || put
|-
| 8 || quit || quit, quitted ||quit, quitted
|-
| 9 || read || read || read
|-
| 10 || ride || rode || ridden
|-
| 11 || ring || rang || rung
|-
| 12 || rise || rose || risen
|-
| 13 || run || ran || run
|-
| 14 || say || said || said
|-
| 15 || see || saw || seen
|-
| 16 || sell || sold|| sold
|-
| 17 || send || sent|| sent
|-
| 18 || shake || shook|| shaken
|-
| 19 || shine || shone, shined || shone, shined
|-
| 20 || shoot || shot || shot
|-
| 21 || show || showed || shown,showed
|-
| 22 || shut || shut || shut
|-
| 24 || sing || sang || sung
|-
| 25 || sit || sat || sat
|-
| 26 || sleep || slept ||  slept
|-
| 27 || slide || slid ||  slid
|-
| 28 || smell || smelled, smelt || smelled, smelt
|-
| 29 || speak|| spoke || spoken
|}

==verb chant/ irregular verbs (part IV) ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || spell || spelled, spelt || |spelled, spelt
|-
| 2 || spend || spent || spent
|-
| 3 || spread || spread || spread 
|-
| 4 || spring || sprang, sprung || sprung
|-
| 5 || stand || stood || stood
|-
| 6 || steal || stole || stolen
|-
|7  || strike || struck || struck, stricken
|-
|8 || sweep|| swept || swept 
|-
|9 || swim || swam || swum
|-
|10|| swing || swung  || swung
|-
|11|| take || took  || taken
|-
|12|| teach|| taught  || taught
|-
|13|| tear|| tore  || torn
|-
|14|| tell|| told || told
|-
|15|| think|| thought || thought
|-
|16|| throw|| threw || thrown
|-
|17|| understand||  understood || understood
|-
|18|| wake|| woke, waked || woken, waked
|-
|19|| wear|| wore || worn
|-
|20|| wet|| wet,wetted || wet,wetted 
|-
|21|| win|| won || won
|-
|22|| wind|| wound || wound
|-
|23|| write|| wrote || written