檢視使用者:郭麗熒的原始碼

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==百品==
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===展品說明===
[[File:Bird-shaped pestle, British Museum.jpg|Bird-shaped pestle, British Museum|400px]]
*展品:鳥形杵
*發現地：巴布亞紐幾內亞歐洛省(Oro)艾寇拉河(Aikora)
*發現年代：西元前六千年－西元前二千年 
*使用材料：石頭 
*高度：36.2公分 
*寬度：15公分 
*深度：15公分
*經度: 147.560587
*緯度: -8.327690
*巴布亞紐幾內亞歐洛省(Oro)艾寇拉河(Aikora) 
[[檔案:Aikora river.png]]

===歷史說明===
====人類的遷徙====
公元前一萬年，氣溫急遽下降，冰河時期產生。原本已以狩獵、採集為生的人類，為了生存，被迫離開非洲，尋找獵物與食物，因此展開了大規
模的遷徙，當時人類沿著冰河跨出非洲，冰河時期的冰層形成的天然地形就像一座橋一樣貫穿各地，也開啟了世界通道，爾後，隨著氣候的變遷全球的溫度逐漸升高，
冰層開始融化，海平面上升，人類回不去原本的地方，而當時人類的足跡也遍佈各地。

[[File:Spreading homo sapiens.svg|Spreading homo sapien|500px]]
*上圖有一處錯誤，最近考古的證據顯示現代智人是約 7 萬年前由曼德海峽離開非洲，十萬年前由西奈半島出去的那一支人類應該是沒有開枝散葉。
*註:
*#智人(Homo sapiens)
*#尼安德塔人(Neanderthals)
*#早期人科(Early Hominids)

====農業的產生====
冰河時期結束，冰層融化成水，發展出湖泊、河流及海灣。這些河流帶來充沛的水份與豐富的資源，讓地球上的植物跟動物變得更多了，植物跟動物可以養活更多的人類，人類的人口也越來越多。人類開始用種子種植，農業的發展開始。當時的地理環境很難找到適合植物生長飼養動物的地方，而中東的肥沃月灣提供了非常好的環境，當時肥沃月灣的人類飼養的動物有牛、豬、綿羊及山羊。種植的植物有有大麥、黑麥、扁豆還有無花果。有人認為中東的肥沃月灣是農業的起源地，但考古學家在位於太平洋西南部的巴布亞紐幾內亞發現了許多石杵和缽臼，隨著這些文物的出土，可以知道當時的人類用石杵在研缽搗磨食物，開始農耕生活，巴布亞紐幾內亞人種植芋頭。因此可以得知不僅僅只有肥沃月灣才是農業的起源地。另外，不只是巴布亞紐幾內亞有種植與採收作物的行為，在人類史上也可發現，農業的行為在許多地方同時發展。同一時間的中東人選擇種植一種特殊的草類，也就是一種早期的小麥；中國人選擇種植野生旱稻；非洲人選擇種植高粱。

====鳥形杵的使用====
鳥形杵的外型優美獨特，由石頭磨製而成，握柄像是一隻身體瘦長、張開翅膀、伸長脖子的小鳥，底部是一顆石球，
鳥形杵用於搗磨和分解食物，當時巴布亞紐幾內亞人種植的作物是芋頭，鳥形杵是用來搗磨芋頭的器具，
從石球磨損的情形得知石球的使用次數十分頻繁。由出土的人類遺骸中，發現成年女性的膝蓋、踝骨及髖骨都有受損的情形，推測當時的婦女在搗磨食物時一定是採跪姿，需要來回搖動的動作才能將食物碾碎。

====烹飪====
人類種植與採收作物開始農耕生活，也意味著人類開始定居。由各地種植的作物發現，人類選擇的作物在沒有經過其他方式加工下，都是難以下嚥的食物。劍橋大學考古學教授馬丁、瓊斯(Martin Jones)認為，這是人類生存策略的方式之一，因為人類需要與野獸爭食，一旦無法找到食物，就必須另尋野獸不易取得的食物。但這些植物，有些人類不能生吃，因為無法消化，或是植物本身有毒，會讓人類中毒。為了生存，人類藉由榨取、研磨和烹飪這些方法，因為人類有思考跟解決問題的能力，這是人類比其他動物更具有優勢的一點。然而人類藉由榨取、研磨和烹飪食物這些方法，產生了更多的食物，可以養活更多的人，更多人居住在一起，形成群居社會。

====人類的反思====
農作物與氣候的變化息息相關，靠天吃飯的農人總是向天祈求風調雨順。民以食為天，食物是所有人類生存的基礎，也是人類社會不可缺乏的重要資源，而這項重要的資源逐漸被人類破壞。由於工業化與都市化帶來人口增加，造成耕地縮小及土地汙染，有些土地甚至無法耕種。近幾年來，全球暖化、天災的發生也變得越來越頻繁，農作物與氣候的變化息息相關，糧食的生產受到全球氣候變遷的影響，全球暖化使冰山融化，若再像一萬年一樣，人類的生存將會受到嚴重的威脅。


====參考資料====
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird-shaped_pestle,_British_Museum.jpg Bird-shapedpestle,British Museum]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects A History of the World in 100 Objects]
*[http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/b/bird_shaped_pestle.aspx The British Museum]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/xQBDvzBRSrqVQYQ5ECaZwA The British Museum BBC A History of the World]
*搜尋關鍵字：鳥形杵、Bird-shaped pestle

====參考書籍====
*看得到的世界史： 99樣物品的故事你對未來會有1個答案（上冊），原文名稱：A History of the World in 100 Objects
*另眼看世界－大英博物館百品特展

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====2016.02.25英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || be ||was, were|| been
|-
| 2 || bear || bore|| born, borne
|-
| 3 || beat|| beat|| beaten, beat
|-
| 4 || become || became|| become 
|-
| 5 || begin || began || begun
|-
| 6 || bite || bit || bitten
|-
| 7 || blow || blew ||blown
|-
| 8|| break || broke ||broken
|-
|9 || bring || brought || brought
|-
|10|| broadcast || broadcast || broadcast
|-
|11 || build || built ||built
|-
|12|| burn || burnt,burned ||burnt,burned
|-
|13|| burst ||burst || burst
|-
|14|| buy ||bought || bought
|-
|}



====2016.03.03英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-

|-
|15|| catch ||caught ||caught
|-
|16|| choose || chose || chosen
|-
|17|| come || came || come
|-
|18|| cost || cost || cost
|-
|19|| cut || cut || cut
|-
|20|| dig || dug || dug
|-
|21|| do || did || done
|-
|22|| draw || drew || drawn
|-
|23|| dream|| dreamt, dreamed || dreamt, dreamed 
|-
|24|| drink|| drank || drunk 
|-
|25|| drive|| drove || driven
|-
|26|| eat|| ate || eaten
|-
|27|| fall|| fell|| fallen
|-
|28|| feed|| fed|| fed
|-
|}


====2016.03.07英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || feel ||felt || felt
|-
| 2 || fight || fought || fought 
|-
| 3 || find || found || found
|-
| 4 || fit || fit|| fit 
|-
| 5 || fly || flew || flown
|-
| 6 || forget || forgot || forgotten
|-
| 7 || forgive || forgave ||forgiven
|-
| 8 || get || got ||gotten, got
|-
|9  || give || gave || given
|-
|10 || go || went || gone
|-
|11 || grow || grew ||grown
|-
|12 || hang || hung, hanged || hung, hanged
|-
|13 || have || had || had
|-
|14 || hear || heard || heard
|-
|}


====2016.03.10英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
|15 || hide || hid || hidden
|-
|16 || hit || hit || hit
|-
|17 || hold || held || held 
|-
|18 || hurt || hurt || hurt 
|-
|19 || keep || kept || kept
|-
|20 || know || knew || known
|-
|21 || lay || laid || laid
|-
|22 || lead || led || led
|-
|23 || learn || learned,learnt || learned,learnt 
|-
|24 || leave || left || left
|-
|25 || lend || lent || lent
|-
|26 || let || let || let
|-
|27 || lie || lay, lied || lain, lied
|-
|28 || light|| lit, lighted || lit, lighted
|-
|}


====2016.03.14英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || lose ||lost || lost
|-
| 2 || make ||made || made
|-
| 3 || mean ||meant || meant
|-
| 4 || meet ||met || met
|-
| 5 || mistake ||mistook|| mistaken
|-
| 6 || pay || paid || paid
|-
| 7 || put || put || put
|-
| 8 || quit || quit, quitted ||quit, quitted
|-
| 9 || read || read || read
|-
| 10 || ride || rode || ridden
|-
| 11 || ring || rang || rung
|-
| 12 || rise || rose || risen
|-
| 13 || run || ran || run
|-
| 14 || say || said || said
|-
|}

====2016.03.17英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 15 || see || saw || seen
|-
| 16 || sell || sold|| sold
|-
| 17 || send || sent|| sent
|-
| 18 || shake || shook|| shaken
|-
| 19 || shine || shone, shined || shone, shined
|-
| 20 || shoot || shot || shot
|-
| 21 || show || showed || shown,showed
|-
| 22 || shut || shut || shut
|-
| 24 || sing || sang || sung
|-
| 25 || sit || sat || sat
|-
| 26 || sleep || slept ||  slept
|-
| 27 || slide || slid ||  slid
|-
| 28 || smell || smelled, smelt || smelled, smelt
|-
| 29 || speak|| spoke || spoken
|}

====2016.03.21英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
| 1 || spell || spelled, spelt || |spelled, spelt
|-
| 2 || spend || spent || spent
|-
| 3 || spread || spread || spread 
|-
| 4 || spring || sprang, sprung || sprung
|-
| 5 || stand || stood || stood
|-
| 6 || steal || stole || stolen
|-
|7  || strike || struck || struck, stricken
|-
|8 || sweep|| swept || swept 
|-
|9 || swim || swam || swum
|-
|10|| swing || swung  || swung
|-
|11|| take || took  || taken
|-
|12|| teach|| taught  || taught
|-
|}

====2016.03.24英文小考====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!編號!! 原形動詞 !! 過去式 !! 過去分詞
|-
|13|| tear|| tore  || torn
|-
|14|| tell|| told || told
|-
|15|| think|| thought || thought
|-
|16|| throw|| threw || thrown
|-
|17|| understand||  understood || understood
|-
|18|| wake|| woke, waked || woken, waked
|-
|19|| wear|| wore || worn
|-
|20|| wet|| wet,wetted || wet,wetted 
|-
|21|| win|| won || won
|-
|22|| wind|| wound || wound
|-
|23|| write|| wrote || written
|-
|}


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===2016.04.12 Voc===
#noodle [' nud!] (名)：麵條
#popcorn [' pɑp͵kɔrn] (名)：爆米花
#pie [paɪ] (名)：派
#bell [bɛl] (名)：鈴
#cookie ['kuki] (名)：餅乾
#dentist [' dɛntɪst] (名)：牙醫
#fill [fɪl] (動)：裝滿
#French fries ['frɛntʃ`fraɪz](名)：炸薯條
#goat [got] (名)：山羊
#honey [' hʌnɪ] (名)：蜂蜜

===Phrases===
#as well 也
#be famous for 以...而聞名 
#be unable for 不能
#in spite of 儘管
#make up one's mind 下定決心
#major in 主修
#take...into consideration 把...列入考慮
#think about 考慮;想到

===Reading===
*A Difficult Decision

===2016.8.31 Voc===

===Reading===
*Kid's Talk
===Phrases===
# be acquainted with 與某人熟識 
# be senior to  比某人年長
# be junior to  比某人年經
# compare with  與...比較
# make friends  與某人做朋友
# not at all 一點也不
# show off 炫耀
# work for 替某人工作

===2016.9.07 Voc===

===Reading===
* A Lazy Son
===Phrases===
# be willing to 願意
# be worried about 擔心
# day off 放假
# get out of 離開
# hurry up 趕快
# mess up 弄髒;弄亂
# turn over 翻身;轉身
# wake up 醒來



===2016.9.14 Voc===

===Reading===
* Two Different Lives 
===Phrases===
# be sick of 感到厭惡
# be tired of 感到厭煩
# cheer up 使某人高興
# die from 死於
# fall in love 與某人戀愛
# grow up 成長
# pass away 去世
# pass out 昏倒

===2016.9.21 Voc===

===Reading===
*A Doctor and a Patient 
===Phrases===
# complain about 抱怨
# give up 放棄;戒除 
# had better (應該)最好做
# hundreds of 數以百計
# for sure 確定地
# run the sick of 冒...的風險
# sooner or later 遲早...總有一天
# stay away from 遠離

===2016.9.21 Voc===

===Reading===
*A Doctor and a Patient 
===Phrases===
# complain about 抱怨
# give up 放棄;戒除 
# had better (應該)最好做
# hundreds of 數以百計
# for sure 確定地
# run the sick of 冒...的風險
# sooner or later 遲早...總有一天
# stay away from 遠離

===2016.9.28 Voc===

===Reading===
*A Waiter with a Bad Temper
===Phrases===
# argue with 與人爭論
# at work  上班中
# behave oneself 守規矩
# change one's mind 改變心意
# have a quarrel with 與某人吵架
# in charge of 負責
# shut up 閉嘴
# out of work 失業


===2016.10.05 Voc===

===Reading===
*A Playboy
===Phrases===
# all night long  整夜
# as soon as 一....就立刻...
# come from 來自
# get lost 迷路
# give someone a call 打電話給某人
# on business 洽公
# on vacation 度假
# show someone around 帶某人四處遊覽 

===2016.10.12 Voc===

===Reading===
*Two Free Tickets
===Phrases===
# a lot of 許多
# be worthy of 應得;值得
# call up  打電話給某人
# dress up 盛裝打扮
# earn one's living 謀生
# figure out 想出;解決
# for free 免費
# make sure 確定

===2016.10.12 Voc===

===Reading===
*A Big Flaw
===Phrases===
# be sorry for 為...感到抱歉
# make up for 補償
# listen to 聆聽
# out of order 損壞
# pick someone up 接某人
# rain cats and dogs 傾盆大雨
# run out of 用盡
# show up 出現


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